Legal experts and human rights organisations are urging the Australian Government to strengthen protections for stateless people, arguing that existing laws do not adequately recognise or support individuals who are not considered citizens by any country.

Statelessness affects people who, under the laws of every nation, are not recognised as nationals or citizens. Without nationality, individuals often face significant barriers in accessing education, healthcare, employment, travel documents and long-term residency. Experts say the lack of legal recognition can also leave people in prolonged uncertainty, making it difficult to build stable lives.

According to advocates, Australia currently has no formal legal process to determine whether a person is stateless. Instead, affected individuals must navigate the country's immigration system without a dedicated framework that recognises their unique circumstances. Human rights lawyers argue this creates unnecessary hardship for people who cannot return to another country because no nation legally accepts them as citizens.

The issue was highlighted through the experiences of several stateless people living in Australia, some of whom have spent years on temporary visas or in immigration detention while trying to resolve their legal status. Many have lived in Australia for extended periods, completed their education and established strong community ties, yet remain uncertain about their future because they cannot obtain permanent residency or citizenship.

Legal experts told ABC News that Australia should establish a formal Statelessness Determination Procedure, similar to systems operating in countries such as the United Kingdom, Spain and France. Such a process would allow authorities to formally assess whether a person is stateless and provide them with appropriate legal protections.

Advocates also recommend creating a pathway to permanent residency and eventual citizenship for recognised stateless people who have established long-term lives in Australia. They argue this approach would improve certainty for individuals while ensuring Australia's immigration system complies with international human rights standards.

Australia is a signatory to the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, which sets out minimum standards of protection for stateless individuals. However, legal experts argue that Australia has not fully implemented those obligations through domestic legislation. They say introducing a dedicated legal framework would provide greater consistency and fairness.

The Department of Home Affairs has stated that Australia considers international obligations when making immigration decisions and that each visa application is assessed individually under existing migration laws. However, advocates believe broader legislative reform is needed to address the unique challenges faced by stateless people.

Human rights organisations have also highlighted the emotional and psychological impact of statelessness. Many individuals experience years of uncertainty, family separation and restrictions on employment or overseas travel while waiting for immigration decisions.

The debate comes as countries around the world continue efforts to reduce statelessness and improve access to nationality. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has encouraged governments to establish clear legal pathways for recognising and protecting stateless people.

Supporters of reform say creating a dedicated legal framework would provide greater certainty, reduce lengthy immigration disputes and ensure vulnerable individuals receive fair treatment. They argue that recognising statelessness through law would strengthen Australia's commitment to international human rights while helping affected people build secure futures.

The discussion is expected to continue as legal experts, advocacy groups and policymakers examine possible reforms to Australia's migration system and protections for stateless individuals.