Australia's Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion has heard evidence that antisemitic hatred is being promoted by extremist groups with very different political ideologies, raising concerns about the growing complexity of combating hate in Australia.

During the latest public hearing, intelligence analyst and community representatives told the commission that antisemitic rhetoric is emerging from multiple sources, including elements of the far right, radical Islamist groups and some extremist factions on the far left. Witnesses said that while these groups often disagree on most political issues, they can share or amplify antisemitic narratives.

Liberal MP Julian Leeser delivered emotional evidence describing the personal impact rising antisemitism has had on his family. He told the commission that his young son became frightened about attending Jewish community events following the Bondi terrorist attack, saying the experience changed his family's sense of safety.

Leeser also described repeated incidents of antisemitic abuse directed at him, including political campaign material being defaced with swastikas and other hateful symbols. He told the commission these experiences did not reflect the Australia he had known throughout his life.

The commission also heard evidence from Tahli Blicblau, chief executive of the Dor Foundation, who said extremist movements with different ideologies can converge around hostility toward Jewish communities. She recommended stronger cooperation between law enforcement agencies and Jewish community organisations to improve threat identification and public safety.

Witnesses acknowledged that most Australians reject hatred and discrimination, but warned that online platforms continue to allow extremist content to spread rapidly. Previous commission hearings have examined how coded language, memes and conspiracy theories can be used to evade moderation while encouraging antisemitic beliefs.

The Royal Commission was established following the Bondi terrorist attack to investigate antisemitism, social cohesion and the effectiveness of government, policing and institutional responses. It has received thousands of public submissions and is expected to deliver its final report later this year.

The hearings have also explored broader questions about online radicalisation, community safety, education and the responsibilities of governments, technology companies and public institutions in responding to hate speech and extremist activity. Witnesses have emphasised the importance of protecting freedom of expression while ensuring communities are protected from threats and unlawful hatred.

Commissioner Virginia Bell is expected to consider the evidence presented during the hearings before making recommendations aimed at strengthening social cohesion, improving responses to antisemitism and supporting community safety across Australia.

The inquiry continues to hear evidence from community leaders, experts, government agencies and affected individuals as it examines the causes of antisemitism and measures that may help reduce hate-motivated incidents in the future.